Form and Size of Rainfall

By Eka Wulansari Friday, August 14, 2009 0 Comments

Rainfall has diameter of the rain around a small 0.5 mm until 6.5 mm. Wiener perform measurements diameter distribution of point rainfall in the year 1895 using the paper filters method which consists of some filter paper, then placed in the cloud and rain made the measurement of spot caused by rain point.

The researchers also use this method. Either method frequently used to measure the diameter of the point rainfall is to use flour that is put on a place and left open under the rain, and can be counted diameter of a grain rain. Results from several measurement with the flour using this method the most accurate data is measurements made by Laws & Parsons. They do measurements in Washington DC for some type of rain.
Along with the development of increasingly sophisticated technology the measurement is done using the latest modern equipment. Equipment including the other: electromechanical sensor that is known by the name "Disdrometer" change the dots fall on the rain into a cavity pulse electrics, besides there is also called the electrostatic sensor measure the diameter size of the rain that point depends on the electric point charge on the rain, have also called the optical detector 2 fruits emit parallel light beam that can measure the size of the diameter and speed of the rain through the beam.
After finding a way to make measurements on diameter that point the rain is very small. This method on a which are given a pot of oil and placed under rain. Then dots of light rain in the top of the oil with the relatively small size can be measured. Thickness of oil can be make a point without oil penetrate rain damaged (broken). Point rain smallest diameter that can be measured is 0.025 mm.

Form and Size of Rainfall
Form of measurement of rainfall has been made by the researchers. This measurement indicates that the point rainfall has a diameter > 1 mm have a spheroidal shape (such as the ball) with a flat base. At the point where the process of rain fall and be on air will pro late spheroid shape, and after fall over the land surface will oblate spheroid shape. Measuring the depth of rainfall from one of the refers to Beard & Pruppacher. They use design vent with very carefully to minimize the turbulence in the flow of air so that they can reach the point of rain the ideal.
Form of the rain in the final speed can be calculated if the theoretical equation describing the settlement of stability internal and external pressure on the surface point rain. This is difficult done to complete the analytical equation. With assumption that the point is that rains oblate spheroid, Sphilhaus calculate the axial ratio of rainfall with a large introduction of some measurements by using the coefficient formula:
Axial ratio=a/b
a=high radius of rainfall
b=width radius of rainfall

Jones measure the shape of each of the two speckle camera the optically axis mutually orthogonal and are on the field horizontal axial ratio to find out the truth. Results shows that the forms Lighted from oblate to pro late spheroid. Example to drop ball equivolumetric with radius A0 1.5 mm axial ratio a / b is from 0.6 to 1.2, where 2a and 2b is the width of the spotty. Speck can be seen in the picture below
Differences in measurements of the two axial ratio appears to widen even consider the conditions and methods of measurement different. The form of droplets of water fall on the speed of the terminal can be calculated theoretically if the settlement of a describing equation balance of internal and external pressure on the speckled surface.
Imai calculate form of low rainfall (patter-patter) with the assumption of potential flow around the point and find the rain that point to a more rain to form oblate spheroid. Look at the picture below. (a) oblate spheroid (b) prolate speheroid.
Pruppacher and Pitter found that the measurement of pressure aerodinamic around the surface of a rigid sphere is very close to the pressure that is permitted (without internal pressure in the internal circulation) from the calculation of the water droplets form of point rainfall measurements. Look at the picture below. Thirteen forms which measured by Pruppacher and Pitter.
By using this invention they solve numerical equality of pressure balance and the shape of point rainfall in various sizes. Comparison between calculation and point measurements of rainfall show that the agreement is very good.




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Rain Attenuation

By Eka Wulansari Thursday, August 13, 2009 0 Comments

In planning a telecommunication system with using radio waves so that the most fundamental and is important to be loss-loss that occurred in the air open, a wave that pass from electromagnetic antenna transmitter (Tx) antenna to the receiver (Rx) or vice versa will decreased power caused by the layer of space empty and the oxygen in the atmosphere such as oxygen, water vapor, clouds, fog and rain. Large decrease in power that occurred influenced by the distance adopted, or astringent substances-particles in the open air and the air itself.


From oxygen in the atmosphere, rain is a attenuation factor which causes the most dominant. Problems propagation in millimeter wave communication system that operates in the high frequency attenuation GHz is caused by the rain. The influence of rain attenuation against propagation radio waves start become significant at frequencies ≥ 10 GHz. The higher frequency, the greater attenuation rainfall experienced. Of course this technology for applications in tropical countries such as Indonesia, rain attenuation which is a function of the size distribution of point rain will be essential given the problems that the tropics have high rainfall

To be able to understand the process and the amount of interference radio waves by rain, need to know the nature and condition atmosphere and the parameters that affect the rain attenuation occurrence, such as the size of point rainfall, point rain rate, rainfall rain and the length of the track waves through the region rain. The attenuation amount of rain on a certain trajectory determined by the nature micro physic (dielectric nature and composition, temperature, shape, size distribution, orientation) and macro physic (profile variations in nature micro physic in different types of rainfall and climate) from the rain.


Rainfall, water like Hamburger from Sky
Water, and all the other molecules in the nature, have particularity. Changes small on the nature of water that has been perfect in every detail this will impact damage for life. Let us see only one of them, namely the form of drops of rain water. Contrary to the understanding
general, grain is not water down the rain-like droplets in the form of tear or similar form of salak fruit. Fact, rain water droplets rounded shape at just fall out of cloud. For grain rain water is small, rounded form of this last. However, for larger grain, the falling down, change shape and
more like half a ball flat. In English visibility called this regular hamburger-bun shape or form of bread burger: flat on the surface beneath and around the surface top (see picture). Changes in the form of this style of press due to the air on the bottom surface of the water droplets that are rain to fall earth. Style press the opposite direction with the rainfall average beneath the surface of the water droplets rain. This form is zoom in zoom out so that resistor style speed falls rain water. The low-speed falls to the ground to avoid severe damage due to collision rainwater.

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We are a fast growing and fully integrated local company. One of our Division leading in Mobile Phone and Services distribution, currently looking for highly driven people to be part of the dynamic team as:
MOBILE PHONE TECHNICIAN
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Minimum Requirements :
  • Male, max 30 years old
  • Minimum Diploma’s degree in Electrical Engineering /Machine Engineering / Informatics Engineering from reputable university / polytechnic, GPA > 2, 75.
  • Min.1 year experience in a mobile phone technician, having experience in Telecommunication Industry become positive value
  • Good analytical thinking.
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(Please put the reference code as e-mail subject. Only qualified candidates will be contacted soon to attend further interview)

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